Adjective

A word used to modify or describe a noun:
Such beautiful handwriting.
They have published in several scientific journals.
The map has some fantastic detail.

Adverb

A word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb:
The car runs smoothly. (adverb modifying a verb (runs))
He has become extremely popular. (adverb modifying an adjective (popular)
She speaks incredibly softly. (adverb modifying an adverb (softly))

Adverbial

A word or phrase concerning, place, time, or manner:
In Sweden, the summers are short, and the winters are long.
They are moving to the States next week.
He drove on the icy roads with great care.

Articles

The indefinite article: a/an
An is used before nouns with a vowel, as in an article, an Apple computer or vowel sound such
as an L-shaped room. Other nouns: a study, a game, a table

The definite article the is used with any noun: the research, the club, the world

Auxiliary verb

Auxiliary verbs precede the main verb:
Am, is, are, was, were, being, been, has, have, do, does, can, will shall, should, could, would, may, might
You should reconsider before submitting.

The results of the survey may impact our understanding.

I hope they can come to the meeting.

Conjunction

A joining word; subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses:

after, although, as, as if, because, before, even though, if, since, so that, than, that, though, unless, until, when, where, whether, while

The project has been delayed because appropriate staff was not available to conduct the survey.

If the weather is fine, we can go for a picnic.

You won’t be able to go on holiday unless you finish the work.

Main Clause

A group of words with a subject (S) and a verb (V) which express a concept:
This study (S) was published (V) in 1990.
The cat (S) sat (V) on the mat.
A pomegranate (S) is (V) an exotic fruit.

Please note that grammatical subjects are not only nouns; clauses can also function as grammatical subjects:
That Shakespeare was a literary genius (S) is well known.

Noun

A person, place or thing book, London, autumn
Countable nouns (most nouns): books, seasons, project, journal etc., Things that can be counted with numbers: 3 books, 2 projects, 2 projects, 4 seasons etc.

Uncountable nouns (the minority): evidence, weather, knowledge. The verb is always in the singular and these nouns cannot be counted with numbers.
His knowledge of Greek is poor.
The evidence is overwhelming. Several pieces of evidence were available to the investigators.
Proper nouns take a capital letter and are places or persons: Gothenburg, Sweden, Henry Ford

Singular nouns: department, cycle, survey, child, criterion, woman

Regular plurals are formed by adding an ‘s’: departments, cycles, surveys

Irregular plurals: children, criteria, women

Noun Phrase: a word or groups of words containing a noun or pronoun usually functioning as subject or object in a sentence:

The book was a really good read.
The old book with the torn cover was a really good read.
It was a really good read.

Object

A grammatical function; certain verbs take objects, both direct and/or indirect:
I saw a huge dog this morning. (direct object = a huge dog)
She gave him a book. (indirect object = a book)

Preposition

Prepositions indicate relationships; here is a selection of prepositions:
above, across, after, against, at, before, below, between, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, next, of, off, on, onto, out, over, past, since, through, to, towards, under, until, up, with, without under the bridge, over the hills, in a cupboard

Pronoun

A word used to avoid repetition referring to a noun. There are several different types of pronouns:

Demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these, those
This article is longer than that.

Indefinite pronouns: all, any, anything, anybody/one, both, each, either, everybody/one, everything, few, many, neither, nobody/one, nothing, one, some, somebody/one, something

Everything should be included. Nothing should be left to chance.

Reflexive pronouns: -self such as myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves:
He hurt himself skiing.

Interrogative pronouns: Used to begin a question: who, whom whose, which, what:
Who wrote this novel? Which film did you like best?

Personal pronouns: I, me, you, she, me, mine, your, yours, her, hers, his, its, our, ours, their, theirs:
Her research is unique.

Possessive pronouns: my, mine, you, yours, her, hers, his, its, our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs:
Their work is related to ours.

Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that. Used to introduce a relative clause:
A thesis that is well written is a joy to read.
The researcher who is leading this project is Swedish.

Subject

A grammatical function; typically nouns, noun phrases, pronouns and even clauses that typically appear before the verb in a sentence:
The student walked to the student union. (subject = the student)
An extremely angry cat ran across the road. (subject = an extremely angry cat)
It could have been run-over.
That they spoke English with an Australian accent came as a surprise to me.

Subordinate clause

A clause that starts with a conjunction and which is attached to a main clause:
This study is outstanding because it is unique.
If we are granted more funding, the research may continue.

Verb

A word that expresses action. A verb has several tenses.

Simple present tense: The sun rises in the east. (general, timeless truth)
She cycles to work every day. (habitual action)
The train arrives on platform 10. (narrative present)

Present progressive: I’m studying French online. (action in progress)
They’re always complaining about the weather. (repeated action)

Simple past: The course lasted 10 weeks. (a completed action)
He wrote in his diary every day. (habitual action in the past)
WW2 ended in 1945. (an action now completed)

Past progressive: She was talking on the phone this morning. (action at specific point in time in the past)
He was talking on the phone when the car crashed. (past action at the same time as another past event
She was reading her emails during the lecture. (repeated action in the on-going past)

Simple future: They will leave tomorrow. (action in future)
They will study harder next term. (future habitual action or state)
You will study for the next 2 years. (a present situation that will come to an end in the future)

Future progressive: She will be graduating soon. (an action in progress at a specific time in the near future)
He will be working on the project for 3 years. (duration of specific future action)